Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (Myrtaceae): Isolation of major and minor compounds of phenolic-rich extract by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and anti-inflammatory evaluation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (Myrtaceae), an edible species found in Brazilian Forest, possesses leaves that are traditionally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Brazil. Extracts of C. lineatifolia are rich in phenolics and exhibit antioxidant, and gastric antiulcer properties. Furthermore, Campomanesia spp. have been described to possess anti-inflammatory properties, but studies related to chemical constituents of C. lineatifolia are scarce in the literature. AIM OF THE STUDY: This work aims to identify the chemical composition of the phenolic-rich ethanol extract (PEE) from C. lineatifolia leaves and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity that could be related to its ethnopharmacological use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC), using an isocratic and a step gradient elution method, and NMR, HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS were used to isolate and identify the chemicals of PEE, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activities from PEE and the two majority flavonoids isolated by measure TNF-α and NF-κB inhibition assays. RESULTS: Fourteen compounds were isolated from the PEE, further identified by NMR and HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, twelve of them are new compounds, and two others are already known for the species. The PEE, quercitrin and myricitrin promoted a concentration-dependent inhibition of TNF-α, and PEE promoted an inhibition of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: PEE from C. lineatifolia leaves demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity that may be related to the traditional use to treat gastrointestinal disorders.

Sensitivity of different parameters for selection of higher plants in urban afforestation: Exposure of Guabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg.) to diesel engine exhaust.

Urban afforestation can mitigate the effects of air pollution by acting as a sink for atmospheric emissions, but these emissions (e.g., combustion gases from diesel engines) can be a precursor of structural and physiological changes in higher plant species, which could compromise the success of afforestation projects. In this study, Guabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg.) plants were exposed in greenhouses to combustion gases emitted by a diesel engine over 120 days, with daily intermittent gas exposure. Every 30 days, leaf injury (chlorosis and necrosis), plant biomass and physiological/biochemical parameters (proteins, chlorophyll and peroxidase enzyme activity) were evaluated. The data obtained were used to construct a hierarchy of the sensitivity (and inversely, of the resistance or tolerance) of this higher plant species to the diesel oil combustion gases: peroxidase > biomass ≈ chlorophyll > protein > leaf injury. Variations in these parameters could be used for the early diagnosis of plant stress or as a marker for stress tolerance in trees. In the first case, a sensitive species could be used for the phytomonitoring of air quality and in the second case the lack of significant variations in these parameters would indicator tolerance of the plant species to air pollution. The results showed that Guabiroba, a plant native to the Atlantic forest, is sensitive to air pollution and could therefore be used for air quality monitoring, since all parameters analyzed were affected by the polluted air.

Repetitive genomic elements in Campomanesia xanthocarpa: prospection, characterization and cross amplification of molecular markers.

Repetitive genomic elements were prospected in Campomanesia xanthocarpa, aiming to characterize these elements in a non-model plant species and to develop species-specific microsatellite markers. Approximately 4.12% of the partial genome of C. xanthocarpa is composed of repetitive elements, being retrotransposons the most widely represented. A total of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers were obtained: four nuclear-neutral, two nuclear EST, two plastidial and one mitochondrial. Levels of population genetic diversity of four natural populations of C. xanthocarpa were characterized using these markers. In addition, the cross-species amplification of the microsatellite markers was tested in seven species of tribe Myrteae (Myrtaceae). The characterized microsatellite markers revealed low to moderate levels of genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity range: 0.33-0.57; observed heterozygosity: 0.26-0.74 and number of alleles: 2.25-4.25). Cross-species amplification was successful for all loci, except Cxant76. These nine markers will contribute for studies on genetic diversity, gene flow, plant selection and breeding of this species, towards the conservation of natural populations, as well as its commercial use.

Evaluation of the in vitro photoprotective potential of ethanolic extracts of four species of the genus Campomanesia.

SCOPE: Overexposure to the ultraviolet radiation may trigger the development of adverse health effects such as the appearance of burns, blemishes, skin aging and skin cancer. These harmful effects on health can be minimized with daily application of photoprotective products or multifunctional products. Medicinal plants may present potential for sun protection and among the species of Brazilian flora, we can highlight the species of the genus Campomanesia. In this context, the photoprotective potential of Campomanesia guazumifolia, Campomanesia sessiliflora, Campomanesia xanthocarpa and Campomanesia adamantium were evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The ethanolic extracts of C. guazumifolia (CG), C. sessiliflora (CS), C. xanthocarpa (CX) and C. adamantium (CA) showed absorption in the UVA and UVB regions. At the concentration of 8%, all the extracts presented sun protection factor (SPF) values higher than 2 and in the concentration of 4% only CA and CX. All plant extracts, alone or in combination, had increased the SPF with the incorporation of octyl methoxynnamate (OM). The samples that presented the highest SPF values contain the association of CA and CX. During the preliminary stability study, the formulations (SSPFOM4, SSPFCX4CA4OM4 and SSPFCX4CA4) presented SPF and pH values statistically different (p < 0.05) between temperatures. CONCLUSION: The formulation SSPFCX4CA4 presented SPF values >6, so they present potential for photoprotective or multifunctional products.

Crescimento inicial de Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg sob diferentes composições de substratos / Initial growth of Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg under different substrate compositions

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes composições de substratos no crescimento inicial de Campomanesia xanthocarpa, bem como avaliar índices fisiológicos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em Dourados-MS, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Foi estudada a Campomanesia xanthocarpa sob cinco diferentes substratos (LVd/A/O= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+Organosuper® (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/C= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+cama-de-frango (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/O2= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+Organosuper® (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A/C2= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+cama-de-frango (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada (6:4 v/v)), em vasos de 7 dm3, e mantidos em ambiente protegido com 100% de luminosidade. O substrato composto por Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico + areia grossa lavada proporcionou maior diâmetro de caule (8,29 mm), massa seca de raiz, caule e folhas (6,98; 4,49 e 9,06 g/planta, respectivamente) e aumento nos índices fisiológicos nas avaliações finais, indicando que este substrato pode ser utilizado no desenvolvimento de Campomanesia xanthocarpa.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different compositions of substrates on the initial growth of Campomanesia xanthocarpa and to evaluate the physiological rate. The study was conduct in the city of Dourados - state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the period from January to October 2008. The Campomanesia xanthocarpa was studying under five different substrates (LVd/A/O= Oxisol+coarse sand+Organosuper® (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/C= Oxisol+ coarse sand+ chicken manure (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/O2= Oxisol+ coarse sand+Organosuper® (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A/C2= Oxisol+ coarse sand+chicken manure (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A= Oxisol+ coarse sand (6:4 v/v)) in 7 dm3 pots and kept in a protected environment with 100% brightness. The substrate consisting of Oxisol + coarse sand provided greater stem diameter (8.29 mm), dry weight of the root, stem and leaf (6.98, 4.49 and 9.06 g / plant, respectively) and increased the physiological indices in the final evaluations, which indicates that this substrate can be used in the development of Campomanesia xanthocarpa.

Avaliação do perfil cromatográfico obtidos por CLAE-DAD e da atividade antioxidante das folhas de espécies Campomanesia sessiliflora (O. Berg) Mattos e Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg / Evaluation of the chromatographic profile and the antioxidant activity of the species Campomanesia sessiliflora (O. Berg) Mattos and Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg

O objetivo desta pesquisa visou a avaliação do perfil cromatográfico, a atividade antioxidante, e os teores de fenóis e flavonóides nos extratos orgânicos e infusos de folhas das espécies C. xanthocarpa e C. sessiliflora coletadas durante os períodos vegetativo e reprodutivo. As análises dos extratos e infusos foram realizadas empregando-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de arranjo de diodos (CLAE-DAD). Segundo a comparação dos perfis obtidos foi baixa a similaridade entre a composição química das duas espécies. O teor de fenóis (64,69-334,18 µg de ácido gálico mL-1 ) foi superior ao teor de flavonóides (4,02-35,60 µg de quercetina mL-1) em todas as análises. Os extratos orgânicos e infusos das folhas coletadas no período reprodutivo apresentaram teores de fenóis e de flavonóides superiores em ambas as espécies. Não houve uma correlação linear entre o teor de fenóis e flavonóides com a atividade antioxidante em todas as amostras.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chromatographic profile, the antioxidant activity, and the levels of phenols and flavonoids in organic extracts and infusions from leaves of the species C. xanthocarpa and C. sessiliflora collected during the vegetative and reproductive periods. Analyses of the extracts and infusions were performed by adopting high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Based on the comparison of the obtained profiles, similarity between the chemical composition of the two species was low. Phenol levels (64.69-334.18 µg gallic acid mL-1) were superior to the level of flavonoids (4.02-35.60 µg quercetin mL-1) in all analyses. Organic extracts and infusions from leaves collected in the reproductive period had superior phenol and flavonoid levels in both species. There was not a linear correlation of phenol and flavonoid levels with antioxidant activity in all samples.

Influência da variação sazonal nos teores de flavonóides e atividade antioxidante das folhas de Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Myrtaceae / The Influence of seasonal variation in levels of flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the leaves of Campomanesia adamantium

Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Myrtaceae, é uma espécie nativa. As folhas são utilizadas na medicina popular. Os extratos hexânico e acetato de etila das folhas mostraram pouca variação na sua composição química em diferentes estações do ano associado com o desenvolvimento do vegetal, enquanto o extrato etanólico mostrou alteração significativa em relação à composição química. Todos os extratos etanólicos mostraram alta atividade antioxidante frente ao método DPPH e de moderada a alta para β-caroteno/ácido linoléico.

Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg, Myrtaceae, is a native species. The extracts of ethyl acetate and hexane showed little variation in their chemical composition at different seasons of the year associated with the development of the plant, while the ethanol extract showed significant change in relationship to chemical composition. All ethanol extracts showed high antioxidant activity against DPPH method and from moderate to high antioxidant activity for β-carotene/linoleic acid.